Background and Theoretical Foundations: Risk management in MARITIME transport contracts is of significant importance due to the complex nature and specific conditions of these contracts. This research provides a comprehensive examination of the concept of risk management in MARITIME transport contracts, analyzing key factors, existing risks, and effective solutions in this field. MARITIME transport, as a crucial component of global trade, faces various risks including natural factors such as storms, adverse weather conditions, and legal and operational issues. The paper explores theoretical concepts and legal tools related to risk management and emphasizes the importance of accurate identification and assessment of risks. Methodology: The paper employs descriptive and analytical research methods to investigate risk management in MARITIME transport contracts. The descriptive method focuses on identifying the features and legal and operational requirements, while the analytical method concentrates on analyzing complex relationships and causes of risks and identifying effective strategies. The combination of these methods provides a comprehensive and detailed picture of the current situation and a deeper analysis of risks. Findings: The research identifies and assesses various risks in MARITIME transport contracts and proposes suitable solutions for mitigating these risks. A key section of the paper analyzes the legal requirements and solutions for risk management, including accurate risk identification, assessment of impacts, and implementation of effective strategies for controlling and financing risks. Additionally, the paper examines risk allocation mechanisms such as exemption clauses, limitation of liability, indemnity clauses, penalty clauses, and insurance, and analyzes their impact on risk management. Conclusion: The research findings indicate that effective risk management in MARITIME transport contracts requires a comprehensive and SYSTEMatic approach. This approach should include accurate identification of risks, proper assessment of their impacts, and implementation of suitable strategies for risk control and financing. The paper highlights that proper interaction and exchange of accurate information between contract parties and the establishment of clear and unambiguous terms are crucial factors in reducing risks and preventing disputes. Finally, it is recommended that the use of the scientific and practical methods presented can enhance risk management processes and contribute to reducing financial and legal losses.

As there are many differences between oil and gas law on the one hand, and international trade law on the other, oil and gas TRANSPORTATION law and therefore oil and gas MARITIME TRANSPORTATION law has exclusive specifications in comparison with MARITIME law. In the article, authors try to list these specifications. These are related to type of contract, different clauses including technical, compliance, immunity and limitation of liability. In addition, safety standards, specific incoterms, WTO regulations, experienced personnel, various costs, import facilitations, and damages of TRANSPORTATION are inspected. These specifications should be considered while formation of contracts, therefore contractual risks would be managed, controlled and decreased.

Global MARITIME Distress Safety SYSTEM (GMDSS) is one of the best and most efficient SYSTEMs for emergency. The SYSTEMs have been developed to provide mariners global communications and locating network. This SYSTEM includes land stations for all INMARSAT services to reporting at sea, and so far using this communication SYSTEM, in marine emergency situations has helped rescue thousands of lives. All INMARSAT information and COSPAS-SARSAT services are able to receive emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) data and coast stations. In this Paper, an approach towards improving the GMDSS SYSTEMs is presented. After identifying the weak points of the current SYSTEMs, following were discussed: • Analyzing and inspecting the level and amount of false signals received by the SYSTEM • Identifying and inspecting the reasons behind reception of false emergency signals in the SYSTEM • Analyzing the costs incurred after reception of false signals in GMDSS SYSTEMs.

Port has always played a strategic role in domestic and foreign trade growth for developed and developing countries. As the world moves towards globalization and distances are steadily narrowing, ports have gained a more active role in the economic growth of the country and are no longer just a passive operator for TRANSPORTATION. Port networking is a relatively new idea that has been the focus of leading shipping countries in recent years. In the networking approach, small and large ports can interact with one another in a larger network as part of the whole, helping stakeholders and organizations fulfil their provisions. In this research, the focus is on commercial ports of Bushehr Province, including Bushehr, Deylam, Genaveh, Rig, Morvarid Kharg, Mohammed Ameri, Buolkheir, Ameri, Dayer, Kangan, Nakhl Taghi and Asalouyeh. At first, using Delphi method, port evaluation indicators were determined and accordingly, ports of Bushehr province were operationaly classified in three levels and geographically in three groups. Finally, by placing the mentioned ports in the TRANSPORTATION networking models, a dynamic networking model for the ports of Bushehr province is presented.

The steps of delivering the goods by its owner to the TRANSPORTATION enterprise and from this person to the consignee in or the costume in the destination is a considerable issue. Sometimes in case of the synchronous liability of the TRANSPORTATION enterprise and the costume, it is required to study the national law and international conventions. In this article, the MARITIME law 1443, the Hague rules and Homburg and Rotterdam conventions are studied concerning this subject.